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- SCIENCE, Page 55Wormholes in the Heavens
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- A far-out concept leads to talk of time travel and new universes
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- By Michael D. Lemonick
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- Since well before Albert Einstein, physicists have been
- conjuring up concepts that defy common sense. Consider just a
- few of the far-out notions now accepted by the scientific
- community: clocks that tick slower when they ride on rockets,
- black holes with the mass of a million stars compressed into a
- volume smaller than that of an atom, and subatomic particles
- whose behavior depends on whether they are being watched.
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- But of all the strange ideas in physics, perhaps the
- strangest is the wormhole. It comes perilously close to science
- fiction: a wormhole is a hole in the fabric of space and time, a
- tunnel to a distant part of the universe. While no one has
- proved that wormholes exist, that does not for a moment keep
- the more adventurous of thinkers from trying to figure how they
- might behave. Last fall, for example, three researchers from
- Caltech floated the notion that in theory at least, wormholes
- could be time machines.
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- This week, at the American Astronomical Society's winter
- meeting in Boston, physicist Alan Guth of M.I.T. will announce
- the most mind-numbing wormhole-related news yet. Guth and two
- collaborators have determined, he says, that "it would
- apparently be possible in principle for some advanced society
- literally to create an entirely new universe." The wormhole
- connection: such a universe would automatically create its own
- wormhole, squeeze through it, and then draw the hole closed
- after it.
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- To many people, such theories may seem useless, if not
- ridiculous. But to others, the ideas are brain teasers that both
- challenge and stretch the imagination. While thinking about
- wormholes has no immediate practical value, Guth insists that
- it helps scientists explore how flexible the laws of physics
- are. More important, the theories could shed light on some of
- the most fundamental questions of cosmology: how the universe
- began, how it works and how it might end.
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- The idea of wormholes comes directly from the accepted
- concepts of general relativity. In that theory, Einstein argued
- that very massive or dense objects distort space and time
- around them. One possible distortion is in the form of a tube
- that can lead anywhere in the universe -- even to a spot
- billions of light-years away. The name wormhole comes about by
- analogy: imagine a fly on an apple. The only way the fly can
- reach the apple's other side is the long way, over the fruit's
- surface. But a worm could bore a tunnel through the apple,
- shortening the trip considerably. A wormhole in space is the
- same sort of tunnel; it is a shortcut from one part of the
- universe to another that reduces the travel time to just about
- zero.
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- Virtually instantaneous travel leads to the idea of wormhole
- as time machine. If it were somehow possible to move one end of
- a wormhole at nearly the speed of light, general relativity
- dictates that time at that end would slow down, and that portion
- of the tunnel would then be younger than the other end. Anything
- moving from the faster-aging end of the wormhole to the slower
- would essentially go backward in time. The mode of travel,
- however, could be nothing like the mechanical time machine,
- complete with saddle, envisioned by H.G. Wells. It is hard to
- conceive how a human being could move through a wormhole, since
- it would theoretically be narrower than an atom, and it would
- tend to vanish the instant it formed.
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- Just as theoretical are Guth's homemade universes. One way
- to create a cosmos, he says, might be to heat a region of space
- to about a thousand trillion trillion degrees. Or one might
- compress some matter to densities far greater than those of a
- neutron star -- a star that has shrunk to a diameter of only a
- few miles. "Of course," admits Guth, "this is not only beyond
- the range of our technology, but beyond the range of any
- conceivable technology." It is possible only in principle, but
- that is what matters to explorers on the frontiers of physics.
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- Guth came to the idea of creating new universes from his
- influential work on "inflationary" cosmology, which was
- considered dubious when he proposed it in the early 1980s but is
- accepted in modified form by most physicists today. The notion
- is that in the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang,
- the universe, though expanding, was still far smaller than the
- smallest particle now known, and made of a peculiar stuff known
- as "false vacuum." Among other odd attributes, a false vacuum
- generates negative gravity; it inflates itself rapidly and
- enormously -- ending up as big as a universe. Odder still, but
- likely nonetheless, is that everything in our cosmos could have
- come from a subatomic bubble of false vacuum with a mass of only
- 20 lbs. or so.
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- That concept led to the idea that such a bubble could
- somehow be manufactured. Classical physics says that unless
- this matter started out with infinite density, it would
- collapse right away. But Guth and two other physicists, Edward
- Farhi and Jemal Guven, applied the more modern laws of quantum
- physics to the problem. Their conclusion: the bubble might not
- collapse after all. It could just possibly become a brand-new
- universe. Not that it would be much good, though. Says Guth:
- "Such a baby universe would form a wormhole and escape, creating
- its own space and time in the process." From our universe, the
- new one would be completely inaccessible, since the wormhole
- would pinch itself off right away.
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- Such fanciful thinking may skirt the bounds of credibility,
- but Guth is an intellectual test pilot. His mission is to push
- the machinery of physics to its logical extremes, in hopes that
- he can find out just when it will self-destruct.
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